01
Building fabric and fit-out
Paints, adhesives, sealants, MDF furniture, carpet backing, acoustic panels. Heavy early release, lower steady-state release for years. Controlled by specification (low-emission products) and bake-out.
02
Occupants and operations
Cleaning products, personal care, printers and copiers, food preparation, electronics. Controlled by product selection, equipment siting and ventilation.
03
Outdoor infiltration
Urban traffic VOCs, adjacent kitchens or industrial uses. Controlled by intake location and activated carbon supply filtration.